Department of Electronics

Mackenzie Building 5170
Telephone: 520-5754
Fax: 520-5708
E-mail address: gradinfo@doe.carleton.ca

The Department

Chair of the Department: J.S. Wight

Associate Chair, Graduate Studies: R.G. Harrison

Programs of study and research leading to the master's and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering are offered through the Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Electrical Engineering. The Institute, established in 1983, combines the resources of Carleton University and the University of Ottawa. For further information, including admission and program requirements, see page 132.

The Department of Electronics is concerned with the fields of applied and physical electronics. Effort is strongest in four broad areas: computer-aided design for electronic circuits; physics and fabrication technology for solid-state electronic and photonic devices; VLSI and high-speed analog integrated circuits; and microwave and photonic subsystems and circuits. Specific areas of specialization include:

Computer-Aided Circuit Design

Development of hierarchical simulators for mixed analog/digital circuits; analysis and design of switched-capacitor networks; analysis and design of high speed circuits; optimization techniques; synthesis of VLSI circuits using both algorithmic and knowledge-based approaches; analysis and simulations of communications systems links; layout synthesis and module generation.

Photonic Devices

Waveguides and holographic optical elements for optical interconnects; electro-optic modulators and switches; waveguides for sensing applications.

Solid State Devices

Fundamental semiconductor device physics; device design and novel device structures; device modelling for CAD; new fabrication processes; submicron and quantum effect devices; photovoltaics; semiconductor sensors and transducers.

Integrated Circuit Engineering

Design and development of linear and digital integrated circuits; fabrication processes and test techniques; MOS, bipolar and BiCMOS ICs; VLSI; computer-aided circuit design.

Analog Signal Processing

Switched-capacitor filters, transversal filters, operational amplifiers and radio frequency functions in analog signal processing applications, particularly for integrated circuit realization.

Circuits

Active filters; linear and nonlinear circuit design; computer-aided circuit design; phase-locked circuits, carriers and clock synchronizers; mixers, modulators and demodulators.

Microwave Electronics

Microwave amplifiers, oscillators, modulators, frequency converters, phase-shifters; use of FET and bipolar transistors, Schottky barrier, varactor, step recovery and PIN diodes; design using finline, microstrip, stripline, coax, and waveguide; monolithic microwave ICs in GaAs; miniature hybrid microwave ICs.

Communications and Radar Electronics

Circuits for terrestrial and satellite communications; circuit implementation of digital modulation techniques; antenna and array design; communication channel characterization; optical communications circuits; radar transmitter and receiver design.

Biomedical Electronics

Cochlear prosthesis .

NSERC/BNR Chair in CAD

The joint Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/Bell Northern Research Chairs in Computer-Aided Design are currently held by Dr. Michel Nakhla and Dr. Q.J. Zhang. This is part of a planned expansion of the department in the area of CAD for VLSI.

NSERC/OCRI Chair in High Speed Integrated Circuits

The joint Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/Ottawa-Carleton Research Institute Chair in High Speed Integrated Circuits is currently held by Dr. W.M. Snelgrove.

TRIO

The Department is part of the TRIO (Telecommunications Research Institute of Ontario) Centre of Excellence. Current research areas of the Centre with major participation from the Department are: integrated services digital networks, mobile and portable wireless networks, VLSI in communications, and millimetre wave/optical antennas and circuits for personal communications.

Micronet

The Department is a member, along with seven other Canadian universities and several major industrial organizations, of Micronet, the federally-sponsored network on Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems for ULSI (ultra-large scale integration). Within the Department Micronet supports research on: device structures, modelling and fabrication processes for submicron CMOS and BiCMOS ICs; high-speed filters, phase detectors, A-to-D converters, frequency synthesizers and other circuit elements for silicon ICs operating at radio frequencies; analysis and optimization of interconnects for high-speed ICs; and automated generation of custom cells for VLSI design.

Course Offerings

The structure of the courses offered allows a well-integrated master's or Ph.D. program of study to be chosen appropriately related to the field of thesis research. Device- and integrated-circuit-oriented courses cover: fabrication, semiconductor device theory, semiconductor device design, integrated circuit design and integrated circuit reliability. Circuit-oriented courses include: signal-processing electronics, micro-processor electronics, computer-aided circuit design, phase-locked circuits, filter circuits, RF and microwave circuits, antenna and array design. Systems-oriented courses cover: optical fibre communications and radar systems.

IC Fabrication Facilities

Excellent facilities are available for the fabrication of solid state devices and integrated circuits for research purposes. These include a class-100 clean room in which all basic processes required in silicon monolithic technology can be carried out. The clean room houses facilities for photomask generation and photolithography, modern diffusion furnaces, a rapid thermal annealer, low-pressure chemical vapour deposition systems, ECR and reactive ion etchers, e-beam, RF and magnetron sputtering systems for metal deposition, and a SEM. Equipment for thick film deposition, scribing, bonding, and automatic testing is also available. Comprehensive test facilities are available for IC characterization, including wafer probers, HP4145 Semiconductor Parameter Analyzers and an automated C-V measurement station.

Computing Facilities

The Department has excellent computing facilities for software development and circuit design for integrated circuits and microwave circuits. IC designs using synthesis, standard cells and layout are supported for fabrication through the Canadian Microelectronics Corporation or in-house.

The graduate computer network consists of 45 SUN workstations and has access to the Internet. Industry standard software includes CADENCE, Mentor Graphics, SYNOPSYS, HSpice, ANACAD, VARILOG, SONNET, EESOF, SUPREM, SEDAN, MEDICI, MINIMOS, Franz COMMON Lisp, MATLAB, MATHEMATICA, FRAMEMAKER and others.

Measurement Facilities

Advanced instrumentation is available supporting automated testing of both analog and digital integrated circuits at frequencies up to 2 GHz. Low noise test facilities include a phase noise measurement system, dynamic signal analyzers, spectrum analyzers, network analyzers, arbitrary waveform generators, digital sampling oscilloscopes, digital data analyzers and generators, and RF frequency synthesizers, all of which may be controlled using the IEEE 488 interface.

The Department has up-to-date facilities for circuit development and measurement at microwave frequencies ranging up to 22 GHz. There are also facilities for work at optical frequencies. Thin-film microwave integrated circuits can be fabricated in house; there is provision for the fabrication of GaAs MMICs through foundry services. Special purpose microwave equipment includes automated network analyzers, spectrum analyzers and frequency synthesizers, and a complete microwave link analyzer. Data generators and error-detection equipment is available for work on digital communications. Industry standard software, such as SERENADE (SUPERCOMPACT, HARMONICA) and ACADEMY (TOUCHSTONE, LIBRA) is available for the computer-aided design and layout of microwave integrated circuits.

The research laboratories maintain extensive collaboration with government and industrial research and development agencies in the Ottawa area.

Graduate Courses*

The courses offered by the Department of Electronics are as follows:

• Engineering 97.551F1 (ELG6351)
  Passive Microwave Circuits
  Review of EM theory for guided waves; transmission lines and waveguides. Propagation in ferrites. Characteristics of planar transmission lines, both single and coupled; stripline, micro-strip, coplanar lines, slotline. Representation of discontinuities in transmission lines and waveguides. Scattering-matrix characterization of microwave junctions and discontinuities. Microwave network analysis. Design theory (including CAD), characteristics, and use of microwave components such as impedance transformers, filters, hybrids, directional couplers, isolators and circulators with particular emphasis on their realization in microwave integrated circuits.
  B.A. Syrett.
• Engineering 97.552F1 or W1 (ELG6352)
  Analog Integrated Filters
  The fundamentals and details of analog integrated filters with emphasis on continuous-time filters and SAW filters. Comparison to switched-capacitor filters. Review of filter concepts, types of filters, approximations, transformations. Building blocks such as op amps, transconductance amplifiers, and gyrators. Design using cascaded second-order sections, multiple loop feedback and LC ladder simulations. Discussion of issues such as tuning, linearity, dynamic range, and noise.
  Calvin Plett.
• Engineering 97.554F1 or W1 (ELG6354)
  Analysis of High-Speed Electronic Packages and Interconnects
  Introduction to techniques of modelling, simulation and optimization in designing high-speed VLSI packages and systems; models for IC packages, interconnects and ground/power planes; lumped element models, distributed models and EM based models for high-speed VLSI interconnects; delay, crosstalk and switching noise analysis; simulation of multiconductor transmission line networks; asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) and moment matching techniques; concurrent thermal and electrical analysis of IC packages and boards; optimization of signal integrity in IC packages and printed circuit boards; macromodelling of linear and nonlinear components and circuits.
  Q.J. Zhang and M.S. Nakhla.
• Engineering 97.555F1 (ELG6355)
  Passive Circuit Theory
  General description of networks, leading to matrix representation of n-terminal lumped and distributed networks. Elements of matrix algebra as applied to networks. Properties of network functions; poles and zeros of driving point and transfer functions. Foster and Cauer canonic forms. Synthesis of lossless two-ports, single and double-terminated. Modern filter theory; approximation of characteristics by rational functions; Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations. General parameter filters; graphical design. Elliptic filters, predistortion. Phase response and group delay; all-pass and Bessel filters.
  P.D. van der Puije.
• Engineering 97.556W1 (ELG6356)
  Simulation and Optimization of Electronic Circuits
  Introduction to computer simulation and optimization of electrical circuits. Time- and frequency-domain formulations for simulation, sensitivity analysis and optimization. Optimization techniques for performance-, cost- and yield-driven analysis of electronic circuits. Optimization approaches to modelling and parameter extraction of active and passive elements. Advanced techniques include statistical modelling, tolerance and reliability optimization, computer-aided tuning and analog diagnosis, and large-scale optimizations. Examples and case studies include FET modelling, optimization of amplifiers, filters, multiplexers, mixers, high-speed VLSI packages/interconnects, signal-integrity in high-speed ICs, printed circuit boards and multichip modules.
  Q.J. Zhang.
• Engineering 97.557W1 (ELG6357)
  Active Circuit Theory
  Characterization of negative resistance one-port networks, signal generation and amplification. Active two-ports; y, z, h, k, chain and scattering parameters. Measurement of two-port parameters. Activity and passivity; reciprocity, non-reciprocity, and anti-reciprocity. Gyrator as a circuit element. Stability, inherent and conditional; power gain of conjugate and mismatched two-port amplifiers. Amplifier gain sensitivity. Oscillators, maximal loading, and frequency sensitivity. Active filter design; gyrator, negative immittance converter (NIC) and operational amplifier used as functional elements. Practical realization of gyrators and NICs. Active network synthesis.
  Prerequisite: Engineering 97.555 or equivalent.
  P.D. van der Puije.
• Engineering 97.558F1 (ELG6358)
  Computer Methods for Analysis and Design of VLSI Circuits
  Basic principles of CAD tools used for analysis and design of VLSI circuits and systems. Formulation of circuit equations. Sparse matrix techniques. Frequency and time-domain solutions. Relaxation techniques and timing analysis. Noise and distortion analysis. Transmission line effects in high-speed designs. Interconnect analysis and crosstalk simulation. Numerical inversion techniques. Asymptotic waveform estimation. Mixed frequency/time domain techniques. Sensitivity analysis and its application in optimizing circuit performance.
  Also offered at the undergraduate level, with different requirements, as 97.456, for which additional credit is precluded.
  M.S. Nakhla.
• Engineering 97.559F1 (ELG6359)
  Integrated Circuit Technology
  Survey of technology used in silicon VLSI integrated circuit fabrication. Crystal growth and crystal defects, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation and annealing, gettering, chemical vapour deposition, etching, materials for metallization and contacting, and photolithography. Structures and fabrication techniques required for submicron devices. Applications in advanced CMOS and BiCMOS processes.
  N.G. Tarr.
• Engineering 97.560F1 or W1 (ELG6360)
  Digital Integrated Circuit Testing
  Production testing of digital integrated circuits. Cost and difficulty of testing. Outline of methods of testing used in production. Testing schemes and design for testability. Specific topics are: faults and fault models, yield estimates, testability measures, fault simulation, test generation methods, sequential testing, scan design, boundary scan, built-in self test, CMOS testing.
  J.P. Knight.
• Engineering 97.562W1 (ELG6362)
  Microwave Semiconductor Devices and Applications
  Review of basic semiconductor physics, PN junction, Schottky barrier, and heterojunction. Discussion of the characteristics and applications of the following microwave diodes: varactor diode and p-i-n diode (tuning, switches, limiters, attenuators, phase shifters); Gunn diode and IMPATT diode (negative resistance amplifiers and oscillators). Discussion of the characteristics, small-signal models and applications of the following microwave transistors: silicon BJT; GaAs HBT; SiGe HBT; GaAs MESFET; GaAs HEMT. Large-signal model for the GaAs MESFET. Design of transistor amplifiers: low-noise; small-signal; high-power. Design of transistor oscillators. Discussion of device/circuit fabrication technology with emphasis on monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs).
  B.A. Syrett.
• Engineering 97.563W1 (ELG6363)
  Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
  Review of groundwave, skywave and transionospheric propagation modes relevant to radar, communications and other systems operating in the medium frequency to extra high frequency bands. The occurrence and magnitude of various types of electromagnetic noise: physical principles involved, modelling and prediction techniques, and limitations of such techniques in practical situations.
• Engineering 97.564W1 (ELG6364)
  Radar Systems
  Fundamentals; range equation, minimum detectable signal, radar cross-section, pulse repetition frequency, range ambiguities. Classes of Radar; CW, FM-CW, MTI, tracking, air surveillance, SSR, PAR, MLS, SAR, SLAR, OTH, 3D and bistatic radars. Radar subsystems; transmitters, antennas, receivers, processors, displays, detection criteria; CFAR receivers, noise, clutter, precipitation. Waveform design; ambiguity functions, pulse compression. Propagation characteristics; Earth's curvature, refraction, diffraction, attenuation.
  P.C. Strickland.
• Engineering 97.565F1 (ELG6365)
  Optical Fibre Communications
  Transmission characteristics of and design considerations for multi-mode and single-mode optical fibre waveguides; materials, structures, and device properties of laser light sources; properties and performance of p-i-n and avalanche photodiodes; types of optical fibre signal formats, preamplifier topologies and noise, receiver sensitivity, transmitter design, link design for digital systems.
  D. Beckett, J. Goodwin, L. Tarof, K. Visvanatha.
• Engineering 97.566F1 (ELG6366)
  Phase-Locked Loops and Receiver Synchronizers
  Phase-locked loops; components, fundamentals, stability, transient response, sinusoidal operation, noise performance, tracking, acquisition and optimization. Receiver synchronizers: carrier synchronizers including squaring loop, Costas loop, and remodulator for BPSK, QPSK BER performance; clock synchronizers including early/late gate, inphase/midphase, and delay line multiplier; direct sequence spread spectrum code synchronizers including single dwell and multiple dwell serial PN acquisition, delay locked loop and Tau-Dither loop PN tracking; frequency hopped spread spectrum time and frequency synchronization.
  Calvin Plett.
• Engineering 97.567F1 (ELG6367)
  Antennas and Arrays
  Terminology and definitions; radiation patterns, beamwidth, beam efficiency, gain, effective area, aperture efficiency, polarization. Basic antenna categories; pencil, defocused, split, multiple, shaped, scanning beam. Basic antenna types; dipole, horns, paraboloid, offset gridded multi-beam, beam-waveguide Cassegrain, Yagi, log-periodic, helix, lens, array. Aperture fundamentals: Fourier transform, phase errors, stationary phase, Rayleigh range, PWS, Woodward synthesis. Field fundamentals; Maxwell's equations, dipoles, radiation and mutual impedance, duality, slotted waveguide. Reflector antennas; GO, Fermat's principle, GO synthesis, physical optics. Paraboloids, dual-polarized reflector, shaping, Cassegrainian feed, profile errors, multi-beam reflectors. Phased array fundamentals; space factor and immersed element pattern, Z-transform, grating lobe diagram, blind spots, thinned arrays, series/corporate/matrix feed, feed systems and phase shifter design.
  P.C. Strickland.
• Engineering 97.568W1 (ELG6368)
  Fourier Optics
  The theory and applications of diffractive and non-diffractive coherent optics, with emphasis on holograms, tomography and high-speed optical computing. Mathematical basis: generalized 2-D Fourier transforms, transfer function of an optical system, 2-D sampling theory, Helmholtz equation, Green's theorem, and the classical diffraction theories. Eikonal equations; the lens as an optical Fourier transformer; optical imaging and filtering. Bragg cells and their applications in optical correlators and spectrum analyzers. Computed axial tomography (CAT scans) with non-diffractive and diffractive sources: Fourier Slice theorem, Filtered Backprojection, Born and Rytov approximations. Physical and computer-generated holograms, volume holograms, holographic optical elements. Optical computing: spatial filtering, holographic memory, optical processors, optical pattern recognition.
  R.G. Harrison.
• Engineering 97.569W1 (ELG6369)
  Nonlinear Microwave Devices and Effects
  The physical basis and mathematical modelling of a variety of microwave/millimeter-wave devices, (some of which exhibit the most extreme nonlinear behaviour known), how they can be exploited in practical circuits and systems, and how the resulting device/circuit interactions can be analyzed. Devices include two-terminal non-linear-resistance elements (varistors) and two-terminal nonlinear-reactance devices (varactors) based on classical, heterostructure and superconducting technologies: pn and Schottky-barrier diodes, tunnel and resonant-tunneling diodes, BIN and BNN varactor diodes, single-barrier-varactor diodes, high-electron-mobility varactor diodes, Josephson-junction diodes, and SIS quasiparticle tunneling junctions. Three-terminal nonlinear devices include MESFETs, HBTs, HEMTs and RHETs. Circuit applications encompass direct radiation detectors; frequency mixers; resistive, reactive, and active frequency multipliers; as well as reactive and regenerative frequency dividers. Emphasis will be placed on analytical approaches that provide global insight into the nonlinear phenomena.
  R.G. Harrison.
• Engineering 97.572F1 (ELG6372)
  Optical Electronics
  Generation, manipulation and transmission of optical radiation, with emphasis on fundamental principles. Applications in optical sensing, optical communications and optical computing. Electromagnetic wave propagation in crystals; review of geometric optics; Gaussian beam propagation; optical fibres; dielectric waveguides for optical integrated circuits; optical resonators; optical properties of materials; theory of laser oscillation; specific laser systems; electro-optic modulators; photorefractive materials and applications; holography; optical interconnects.
  B.A. Syrett.
• Engineering 97.573F1 or W1 (ELG6373)
  Advanced Topics in Solid State Devices and IC Technology
  Recent and advanced topics in semiconductor device physics, modelling, and integrated circuit fabrication technology. Topic varies from year to year according to departmental research interests. Students may be expected to contribute lectures or seminars on selected topics.
• Engineering 97.574F1 or W1 (ELG6374)
  Advanced Topics in CAD
  Recent and advanced topics in computer-aided techniques for the design of VLSI and telecommunications circuits. Topics will vary from year to year according to the departmental research insterests. Students may be expected to contribute lectures or seminars on selected topics.
• Engineering 97.575F1 or W1 (ELG6375)
  Advanced Topics in VLSI
  Recent and advanced topics in the design of very large scale integrated circuits, with emphasis on mixed analog/digital circuits for telecommunications applications. Topic varies from year to year according to departmental research interests. Students may be expected to contribute lectures or seminars on selected topics.
• Engineering 97.576F1 or W1 (ELG6376)
  Submicron CMOS and BiCMOS Circuits for Sampled Data Applications
  The analog aspects of digital CMOS and BiCMOS circuit design in submicron technologies including reliability; sampled analog circuits, including amplifier non ideal characteristics and switch charge injection; CMOS/BiCMOS amplifier design considerations, leading up to standard folded-cascode and two-stage circuits.
  W.M. Snelgrove.
• Engineering 97.577W1 (ELG6377)
  Microelectronic Sensors
  This course is concerned with the fabrication and physical principles of operation of microelectronic sensors. A large variety of sensors will be studied and the basic fabrication methods used in their production reviewed. The devices discussed will include optical sensors, fibre optic sensors, magnetic sensors, temperature sensors and, briefly, chemical sensors. A substantial portion of the course will be devoted to micro-mechanical sensors.
  T.J. Smy.
• Engineering 97.578F1 (ELG6378)
  ASICs in Telecommunications
  The definition of Application Specific Integrated Circuits is given along with current ASIC technology trends. CMOS and BiCMOS fabrication technologies are compared for their potential use in communications circuits. Circuit building blocks such as amplifiers, switched-capacitor filters and analog to digital converters are briefly overviewed in the context of their communications applications. An overview of vendor technologies is followed by application examples such as line drivers, pulse shaping and equalization circuits, high-speed data transmission over twisted pair copper cables and mobile radio components and implementation issues. Students are required to submit a related literature study and design a communications integrated circuit component using a standard cell library environment.
  T.A. Kwasniewski.
• Engineering 97.579W1 (ELG6379)
  Advanced Topics in Electromagnetics
  Recent and advanced topics in electromagnetics, antennas, radar systems, microwave devices and circuits, or optoelectronics. The subject material will vary from year to year according to research interests in the department and/or expertise provided by visiting scholars or sessional lecturers.
• Engineering 97.580F1 (ELG6380)
  Theory of Semiconductor Devices
  Review of solid state physics underlying device mechanisms. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions in a semiconductor. Carrier transport theory. Physical theory of basic semiconductor device structures and aspects of design: PN junctions and bipolar transistors, field effect devices. Current transport relationships for transistors. Charge control theory. Modelling of device mechanisms. Performance limitations of transistors.
  T.J. Smy.
• Engineering 97.582W1 (ELG6382)
  Surface-Controlled Semiconductor Devices
  Fundamentals of the MOS system: MOS capacitors. Long channel behaviour: theory, limitations and performance of the SPICE level 1 and 2 models. Small geometry effects: theory, limitations and performance of the SPICE level 3 model. Subthreshold operation and modelling. Hot electron effects and reliability. Advanced analysis: the MISNAN model.
  Also offered at the undergraduate level, with different requirements, as 97.470, for which additional credit is precluded.
  D.J. Walkey.
• Engineering 97.583F1 (ELG6383)
  Silicon Compilers: Automated IC Synthesis
  Various topics related to computer analysis and synthesis of integrated circuits including automatic programable logic array/finite state machines compilers, silicon compilers and automatic test plan generators.
  Prerequisite: Some IC design knowledge as given, for example, by Engineering 97.469.
  J.P. Knight.
• Engineering 97.584F1 (ELG6384)
  VLSI Design
  An integrated circuit design course with a strong emphasis on design methodology, to be followed by 97.585 in the second term.The design philosophies considered will include Full Custom design, standard cells, gate-arrays and sea-of-gates using CMOS and BiCMOS technology.State-of-the-art computer-aided design tools are available on a network of SUN workstations.
  Also offered at the undergraduate level, with different requirements, as 97.478, for which additional credit is precluded.
  M.C. Lefebvre.
• Engineering 97.585W1 (ELG6385)
  VLSI Design Project
  Using state-of-the-art CMOS and BiCMOS technologies, students will initiate their own design of an integrated circuit using tools in the CAD lab and submit it for fabrication where the design warrants.
  M.C. Lefebvre.
• Engineering 97.588F1 (ELG6388)
  Signal Processing Electronics
  Signal processing from the viewpoint of analog integrated circuit design. CCDs, transversal filters, recursive filters, switched capacitor filters, with particular emphasis on integration of analog signal processing techniques in monolithic MOS ICs. Detailed op amp design in CMOS technology. Implications of nonideal op amp behaviour in filter performance. Basic sampled data concepts, detailed Z transform analysis of switched capacitor filters, oversampled A/D converters and more complex circuits. Noise in analog and sampled analog circuits, including calculation of dynamic range and signal to noise ratio.
  Also offered at the undergraduate level, with different requirements, as 97.477, for which additional credit is precluded.
  M.A. Copeland.
• Engineering 97.590F1, W1, S1
  Engineering Project I
  A one-term course, carrying half-course credit, for students pursuing the course work M.Eng. program. An engineering study, analysis and/or design project under the supervision of a faculty member. Results will be given in the form of a written report and presented orally. This course may be repeated for credit.
• Engineering 97.591F2, W2, S2
  Engineering Project II
  A one-term course, carrying full-course credit, for students pursuing the course work M.Eng. program or the cooperative M.Eng. program. An engineering study, analysis and/or design project under the supervision of a faculty member. Results will be given in the form of a written report and presented orally. This course may be repeated for credit.
• Engineering 97.596F1, W1, S1
  Directed Studies
  Various possibilities exist for pursuing directed studies on topics approved by a course supervisor, including the above listed course topics where they are not offered on a formal basis.
• Engineering 97.599F4, W4, S4
  M.Eng. Thesis
• Engineering 97.699F, W, S
  Ph.D. Thesis